PROTECTING YOURSELF IN SUN

Protecting Yourself in the Sun
YAWAR HASSAN KHAN


Sunlight contains ultraviolet (UV) radiation,
which causes premature aging of the skin,
wrinkles, cataracts, and skin cancer. The amount
of damage from UV exposure depends on the
strength of the light, the length of exposure, and
whether the skin is protected. There are no safe
UV rays or safe suntans.

Skin Cancer
Sun exposure at any age can cause skin cancer. Be
especially careful in the sun if you burn easily, spend a lot of time outdoors, or have any of the following
physical features:
Numerous, irregular, or large moles.
Freckles.
Fair skin.
Blond, red, or light brown hair.

Self-Examination
It’s important to examine your body monthly because
skin cancers detected early can almost always be cured.
The most important warning sign is a spot on the skin
that is changing in size, shape, or color during a period
of 1 month to 1 or 2 years.

Skin cancers often take the following forms:
Pale, wax-like, pearly nodules.
Red, scaly, sharply outlined patches.
Sores that don’t heal.
Small, mole-like growths—melanoma,
the most serious type of skin cancer.

If you find such unusual skin changes, see a health
care professional immediately
Block Out UV Rays

Cover up.Wear tightly-woven clothing that blocks
out light. Try this test: Place your hand between a
single layer of the clothing and a light source. If
you can see your hand through the fabric, the
garment offers little protection.

Use sunscreen. A sun protection factor (SPF) of at
least 15 blocks 93 percent of UV rays. You want to
block both UVA and UVB rays to guard against skin
cancer. Be sure to follow application directions
on the bottle.

Wear a hat. A wide brim hat (not a baseball cap)
is ideal because it protects the neck, ears, eyes,
forehead, nose, and scalp.

Wear UV-absorbent shades. Sunglasses don’t
have to be expensive, but they should block 99 to
100 percent of UVA and UVB radiation.

Limit exposure. UV rays are most intense
between 10 a.m. and 4 p.m. If you’re unsure about
the sun’s intensity, take the shadow test: If your
shadow is shorter than you, the sun’s rays are
the day’s strongest

WORK PLACE VIOLENCE

WORK PLACE VIOLENCE
YAWAR HASAN KHAN

What is workplace violence?
Workplace violence is violence or the threat of
violence against workers. It can occur at or
outside the workplace and can range from
threats and verbal abuse to physical assaults and
homicide, one of the leading causes of job-related
deaths. However it manifests itself, workplace
violence is a growing concern for employers and
employees nationwide.

Who is vulnerable?
Some 2 million American workers are victims
of workplace violence each year. Workplace
violence can strike anywhere, and no one is
immune. Some workers, however, are at
increased risk. Among them are workers who
exchange money with the public; deliver
passengers, goods, or services; or work alone or
in small groups, during late night or early
morning hours, in high-crime areas, or in
community settings and homes where they have
extensive contact with the public. This group
includes health-care and social service workers
such as visiting nurses, psychiatric evaluators,
and probation officers; community workers such
as gas and water utility employees, phone and
cable TV installers, and letter carriers; retail
workers; and taxi drivers

What can these employers do to help
protect these employees?
The best protection employers can offer is to
establish a zero-tolerance policy toward
workplace violence against or by their employees.
The employer should establish a workplace
violence prevention program or incorporate the
information into an existing accident prevention
program, employee handbook, or manual of
standard operating procedures. It is critical to
ensure that all employees know the policy and
understand that all claims of workplace violence
will be investigated and remedied promptly.
In addition, employers can offer additional
protections such as the following:

Secure the workplace. Where appropriate
to the business, install video surveillance,
extra lighting, and alarm systems and
minimize access by outsiders through
identification badges, electronic keys, and
guards.

Provide drop safes to limit the amount of
cash on hand. Keep a minimal amount of
cash in registers during evenings and latenight
hours

Equip field staff with cellular phones and
hand-held alarms or noise devices, and
require them to prepare a daily work plan
and keep a contact person informed of their
location throughout the day. Keep employerprovided
vehicles properly maintained.

Instruct employees not to enter any location
where they feel unsafe. Introduce a “buddy
system” or provide an escort service or
police assistance in potentially dangerous
situations or at night

Develop policies and procedures covering
visits by home health-care providers. Address
the conduct of home visits, the presence of
others in the home during visits, and the
worker’s right to refuse to provide services in
a clearly hazardous situation.

How can the employees protect
themselves?
Nothing can guarantee that an employee will
not become a victim of workplace violence. These
steps, however, can help reduce the odds

Learn how to recognize, avoid, or diffuse
potentially violent situations by attending
personal safety training programs

Alert supervisors to any concerns about
safety or security and report all incidents
immediately in writing

Avoid traveling alone into unfamiliar locations
or situations whenever possible.
 Carry only minimal money and required
identification into community settings

What should employers do following
an incident of workplace violence?
 Encourage employees to report and log all
incidents and threats of workplace violence.
 Provide prompt medical evaluation and
treatment after the incident.
 Report violent incidents to the local police
promptly.
 Inform victims of their legal right to prosecute
perpetrators.
 Discuss the circumstances of the incident with
staff members. Encourage employees to
share information about ways to avoid similar
situations in the future.
 Offer stress debriefing sessions and posttraumatic
counseling services to help workers
recover from a violent incident.
 Investigate all violent incidents and threats,
monitor trends in violent incidents by type or
circumstance, and institute corrective actions.
 Discuss changes in the program during
regular employee meetings.

TRENCHING SAFETY

TRENCHING SAFETY
YAWAR HASSAN KHAN

Hazard: Trench collapses cause dozens of fatalities
and hundreds of injuries each year.
Trenching deaths rose in 2003.

Never enter an unprotected trench.

Always use a protective system for trenches 5
feet deep or greater.

Employ a registered professional engineer to
design a protective system for trenches 20
feet deep or greater

Protective Systems:
 Sloping to protect workers by cutting back
the trench wall at an angle inclined away
from the excavation not steeper than a
height/depth ratio of 11
2 :1, according to the
sloping requirements for the type of soil.

Shoring to protect workers by installing
supports to prevent soil movement for
trenches that do not exceed 20 feet in
depth.

Shielding to protect workers by using
trench boxes or other types of supports
to prevent soil cave-ins.

Always provide a way to exit a trench--such
as a ladder, stairway or ramp--no more than
25 feet of lateral travel for employees in the
trench.

Keep spoils at least two feet back from the
edge of a trench

Make sure that trenches are inspected by a
competent person prior to entry and after
any hazard-increasing event such as a rainstorm,
vibrations or excessive surcharge
loads.

STAIRWAYS SAFETY

STAIRWAYS SAFETY
YAWAR HASSAN KHAN

Hazard: Slips, trips and falls on stairways are
a major source of injuries and fatalities
among construction workers

Stairway treads and walkways must be free
of dangerous objects, debris and materials.

Slippery conditions on stairways and walkways
must be corrected immediately

Make sure that treads cover the entire step
and landing.

Stairways having four or more risers or rising
more than 30 inches must have at least
one handrail

SCAFFOLDING SAFETY

SCAFFOLDING SAFETY
YAWAR HASSAN KHAN

Hazard: When scaffolds are not erected or
used properly, fall hazards can occur. About
2.3 million construction workers frequently
work on scaffolds. Protecting these workers
from scaffold-related accidents would prevent
an estimated 4,500 injuries and 50 fatalities
each year.

Scaffold must be sound, rigid and sufficient
to carry its own weight plus four times the
maximum intended load without settling or
displacement. It must be erected on solid
footing.

Unstable objects, such as barrels, boxes,
loose bricks or concrete blocks must not be
used to support scaffolds or planks

Scaffold must not be erected, moved, dismantled
or altered except under the supervision
of a competent person.

Scaffold must be equipped with guardrails,
midrails and toeboards.

Scaffold accessories such as braces, brackets,
trusses, screw legs or ladders that are
damaged or weakened from any cause
must be immediately repaired or replaced.

Scaffold platforms must be tightly planked
with scaffold plank grade material or equivalent.

A “competent person” must inspect the
scaffolding and, at designated intervals,
reinspect it.

Rigging on suspension scaffolds must be
inspected by a competent person before
each shift and after any occurrence that
could affect structural integrity to ensure
that all connections are tight and that no
damage to the rigging has occurred since
its last use.

Synthetic and natural rope used in suspension
scaffolding must be protected from
heat-producing sources.

Employees must be instructed about the
hazards of using diagonal braces as fall
protection.

Scaffold can be accessed by using ladders
and stairwells.

• Scaffolds must be at least 10 feet from
electric power lines at all times.

THANKYOU

RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT

HAZARD IDENTIFICATION , RISK ASSESSMENT AND MANAGEMENT
YAWAR HASSAN KHAN
introduction
METHODOLOGY :FIVE STEPS TO FOLLOW
IDENTIFY HAZARDS
DETERMINE THE CONSEQUENCES
DETERMINE THE LIKELIHOOD
ASSESS THE RISK
MANAGE THE RISK

How to identify hazards
HOW TO DETERMINE THE CONSEQUENCES
The tool incorporates 5 consequences factors against which a hazard could impact,
1. Objectives / Financial, (AObjectives)
2. Degree of Harm (to Staff, Patient, Visitor or Member of the Public), (BHarm)
3. Claims & Complaints / Patient Experience, (CExperience)
4. Impact on Services / Business Interruption / Projects, (DService
Delivery)
5. Adverse Publicity / Reputation/ Inspection / Audit / Enforcement Action. (EExternal)

HOW TO DETERMINE THE LIKELIHOOD
Once you have determined the consequence (for each of the hazards you identified),
you will need to determine the likelihood of the level of consequence you have
identified being realised. Remember it’s the likelihood of the consequence
occurring, not how often the activity takes place.
It is also important that any existing control measures are taken into account when
determining the likelihood score. The derived score should also evaluate whether:
 the control adequately addresses the hazard
 the control measure is documented and communicated
 the control measure is in operation and applied consistently.

HOW TO ASSESS THE RISK
The risk score is determined by multiplying the consequence and likelihood scores you have recorded for each hazard
To assess the risk associated with hazards you have identified, ask the following questions:
How likely is the hazard to cause harm to someone?
What is the worst possible damage the hazard could cause in terms of human suffering and cost if you don't resolve the problem?
How many people are exposed to the risk? Sometimes it may be the amount of time workers spend on an activity that creates the safety risk, rather than the nature of the work task itself. Everyone is different. A hazard may also pose more risk to some people more than others because of differences in physical strength, experience, training etc.

HOW TO MANAGE THE RISK
Level 1: Eliminate the hazard

Level 2: Substitute the hazard with a safer alternative
Level 3: Isolate the hazard

Level 4: Use engineering controls
Level 5: Use administrative controls


Level 6: Use personal protective clothing and equipment (PPCE) .

USEFUL RESEARCH
LIFE CYCLE RISK MANAGEMENT
THANK YOU

FORKLIFTS SAFETY

FORKLIFTS SAFETY
YAWAR HASSAN KHAN

Hazard: Approximately 100 employees are
fatally injured and approximately 95,000
employees are injured every year while operating
powered industrial trucks. Forklift turnover
accounts for a significant number of
these fatalities.

Train and certify all operators to ensure that
they operate forklifts safely

Do not allow any employee under 18 years
old to operate a forklift.

Properly maintain haulage equipment,
including tires.

Do not modify or make attachments that
affect the capacity and safe operation of the
forklift without written approval from the
forklift’s manufacturer.

Examine forklift truck for defects before
using.

Follow safe operating procedures for picking
up, moving, putting down and stacking
loads.

Drive safely--never exceed 5 mph and slow
down in congested or slippery surface
areas.

Prohibit stunt driving and horseplay

Do not handle loads that are heavier than
the capacity of the industrial truck.

Remove unsafe or defective forklift trucks
from service.

Operators shall always wear seatbelts.
• Avoid traveling with elevated loads

Assure that rollover protective structure is
in place.

Make certain that the reverse signal alarm
is operational and audible above the surrounding
noise level

FALL PROTECTION SAFETY

FALL PROTECTION
YAWAR HASSAN KHAN

Hazard: Each year, falls consistently account
for the greatest number of fatalities in the
construction industry. A number of factors are
often involved in falls, including unstable
working surfaces, misuse or failure to use fall
protection equipment and human error.
Studies have shown that using guardrails, fall
arrest systems, safety nets, covers and
restraint systems can prevent many deaths
and injuries from falls.

Consider using aerial lifts or elevated platforms
to provide safer elevated working
surfaces;

Erect guardrail systems with toeboards and
warning lines or install control line systems
to protect workers near the edges of floors
and roofs;

Cover floor holes; and/or
• Use safety net systems or personal fall
arrest systems (body harnesses

EXCAVATION SAFETY

žEXCAVATION SAFETY

žYAWAR HASSAN KHAN

ž

žCave-ins are the greatest risk

ž• Other hazards include:

ž􀂾 Asphyxiation due to lack of oxygen

ž􀂾 Inhalation of toxic materials

ž􀂾 Fire

ž􀂾 Moving machinery near the edge of

žthe excavation can cause a collapse

ž􀂾 Accidental severing of underground

žutility lines

ž

žExcavating is one of the most

žhazardous construction

žoperations

ž• Most accidents occur in

žtrenches 5-15 feet deep

ž• There is usually no warning

žbefore a cave-in

ž

žExcavation – a man-made cut, cavity, trench, or depression

žformed by earth removal.

ž• Trench – a narrow excavation. The depth is greater than the

žwidth, but not wider than 15 feet.

ž• Shield - a structure able to withstand a cave-in and protect

žemployees.

ž• Shoring - a structure that supports the sides of an excavation

žand protects against cave-ins.

ž• Sloping - a technique that employs a specific angle of incline

žon the sides of the excavation. The angle varies based on

žassessment of impacting site factors.

ž

žThe greatest risk at an excavation

ž• How to protect employees from cave-ins

ž• Factors that pose a hazard to employees working in

žexcavations

ž• The role of a competent person at an excavation site

ž

žEmployees should be protected from

žcave-ins by using an adequately

ždesigned protective system

ž• Protective systems must be able to resist

žall expected loads to the system

ž

žA well-designed protective system

ž􀂾 Correct design of sloping and benching systems

ž􀂾 Correct design of support systems, shield systems, and other

žprotective systems

žPlus

ž• Appropriate handling of materials and equipment

žPlus

ž• Attention to correct installation and removal

žEquals

ž• Protection of employees at excavations

ž

žDesign of Protective Systems

ž• The employer shall select and construct :

ž􀂾 slopes and configurations of sloping and benching systems

ž􀂾 support systems, shield systems, and other protective

žsystems

ž• Shield - can be permanent or portable; also known

žas trench box or trench shield

ž• Shoring - such as metal hydraulic, mechanical or

žtimber shoring system that supports the sides

ž• Sloping - form sides of an excavation that are

žinclined away from the excavation

ž

žProtect Employees Exposed

žto Potential Cave-ins

ž• Slope or bench the sides of

žthe excavation,

ž• Support the sides of the

žexcavation, or

ž• Place a shield between the

žside of the excavation and

žthe work area

ž

žFactors Involved in Designing

ža Protective System

ž• Soil classification

ž• Depth of cut

ž• Water content of soil

ž• Changes due to weather

žand climate

ž• Other operations in the

žvicinity

ž

žShoring

ž• General

ž􀂾 Provides a framework to work in

ž􀂾 Uses wales, cross braces and uprights

ž􀂾 Supports excavation walls

ž• OSHA tables provide shoring data

ž􀂾 Must know soil type

ž􀂾 Must know depth and width of excavation

ž􀂾 Must be familiar with the OSHA Tables

ž

žUsing hydraulic jacks, the

žoperator can easily drop

žthe system into the hole

ž• Once in place, hydraulic

žpressure is increased to

žkeep the forms in place

ž• Trench pins are installed

žin case of hydraulic failure

ž

žEquipment used for

žprotective systems must

žnot have damage or

ždefects that impair

žfunction.

ž• If equipment is damaged,

žthe competent person

žmust examine it to see if it

žis suitable for continued

žuse.

ž• If not suitable, remove it

žfrom service until a

žprofessional engineer

žapproves it for use.

ž

žProtection from Vehicles

ž• Install barricades

ž• Hand/mechanical signals

ž• Stop logs

ž• Grade soil away from

žexcavation

ž• Fence or barricade

žtrenches left overnight

ž

žThe weight and

žvibrations of the

žcrane make this a

žvery hazardous

žcondition.

ž• They should not be

žworking under this

žcrane.

ž

žSpoils

ž• Don’t place spoils within 2

žfeet from edge of

žexcavation

ž• Measure from nearest part

žof the spoil to the

žexcavation edge

ž• Place spoils so rainwater

žruns away from the

žexcavation

ž• Place spoil well away from

žthe excavation

ž

žOther Excavation Hazards

ž• Water accumulation

ž• Oxygen deficiency

ž• Toxic fumes

ž• Access/Egress

ž• Falls

ž• Mobile equipment

ž

žWhen water is present

žin an excavation it is

žextremely hazardous

žto enter

ž

žTest excavations more than 4

žfeet before an employee

ženters the excavation for:

ž􀂾 Oxygen deficiency

ž􀂾 High combustible gas

žconcentration

ž􀂾 High levels of other

žhazardous substances

ž

žMeans of Egress

žA stairway, ladder,

žor ramp must be

žpresent in

žexcavations that are

ž4 or more feet deep,

žand within 25 feet

žof the employees.

ž

žProtection from Falls, Falling Loads,

žand Mobile Equipment

ž• Install barricades

ž• Use hand / mechanical signals

ž• Grade soil away from excavation

ž• Fence or barricade trenches left overnight

ž• Use a flagger when signs, signals and barricades are

žnot enough protection

ž

žMust have had specific training

žin and be knowledgeable

žabout:

ž􀂾 Soils classification

ž􀂾 The use of protective systems

ž􀂾 The requirements of the standard

ž• Must be capable of identifying

žhazards, and authorized to

žimmediately eliminate hazards

ž

žA competent person must

žmake daily inspections of

žexcavations, areas around

žthem and protective

žsystems:

ž􀂾 Before work starts and as

žneeded,

ž􀂾 After rainstorms, high winds

žor other occurrence which

žmay increase hazards, and

ž􀂾 When you can reasonably

žanticipate an employee will be

žexposed to hazards

ž

žIf the competent person

žfinds evidence of a possible

žcave-in, indications of failure

žof protective systems,

žhazardous atmospheres, or

žother hazardous conditions:

ž􀂾Exposed employees must be

žremoved from the hazardous

žarea

ž􀂾Employees may not return until

žthe necessary precautions have

žbeen taken

ž

žBefore beginning excavation:

ž􀂾 Evaluate soil conditions

ž􀂾 Construct protective systems

ž􀂾 Test for low oxygen, hazardous

žfumes and toxic gases

ž􀂾 Provide safe in and out access

ž􀂾 Contact utilities

ž􀂾 Determine the safety equipment

žneeded

ž